{"id":4052,"date":"2012-02-24T22:30:58","date_gmt":"2012-02-24T20:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/?p=4052"},"modified":"2012-08-17T21:14:06","modified_gmt":"2012-08-17T18:14:06","slug":"yuzen-boru-hatlari-shuttle-tankerler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/yuzen-boru-hatlari-shuttle-tankerler\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u00fczen Boru Hatlar\u0131 Shuttle Tankerler"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Gerek sanayide, gerekse g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zdaki t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z do\u011frultusunda ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan enerjiyi halen hidrokarbonlardan sa\u011fl\u0131yoruz. Bunlar\u0131n en ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen ham petrol \u00fcstlendi\u011fi \u00e7ekirdek rol\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam ediyor. \u00dclkelerin politik tutumlar\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131m planlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ham petrol\u00fcn bu rol\u00fcn\u00fc en az 20 – 30 y\u0131l daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam edece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Ama ham petrol\u00fcn pazar\u0131, \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim konumlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklere a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki do\u011fuda \u00c7in<\/span><\/em>\u2019le ba\u015flayan sanayi ve \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131na di\u011fer Asya \u00fclkeleri de eklenecektir. Sanayinin artmas\u0131 enerji talebini do\u011fal olarak art\u0131racakt\u0131r. Sanayinin do\u011fuya kaymas\u0131yla beraber Avrupa\u2019da daha az enerji talebi olu\u015facak ve alternatif enerjilerin geli\u015ftirilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fc daha da a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bat\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f madde \u00fcretiminden ziyade teknoloji ve y\u00f6netim felsefesi \u00fcretmeye devam edecektir. Zaten azalan n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu ile beraber, sanki do\u011fa sadece bat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde varm\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7evre koruma kurallar\u0131 da bunun g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Ekonomik veriler petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n daha da artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Amerika<\/span><\/em> kendi ekonomisinin iyile\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekti\u011finde piyasaya dolar s\u00fcrmekten \u00e7ekinmeyip sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 petrol\u00fcn kendine olan maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek isteyecektir. \u015eu an i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz politik durumu da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek Arap K\u00f6rfezi \u00e7evresinde ya\u015fanacak \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 bir sorunun petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 nerelere y\u00fckseltece\u011fini tahmin etmek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcnlerde ya\u015fanan politik z\u0131tla\u015fmalar bile petrol\u00fcn fiyat\u0131n\u0131 120 dolar civar\u0131nda tutmaya yetmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Y\u00fcksek petrol fiyat\u0131, daha \u00f6nceki zamanlarda bulunan fakat o g\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131karma maliyeti y\u00fcksek olan kuyular\u0131n art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir ki 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130skenderun K\u00f6rfezi<\/em><\/span>‘nde bulunan kuyu da bu duruma \u00f6rnektir. Ama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sadece burayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmayacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bulundu\u011fumuz co\u011frafyan\u0131n jeolojik ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve \u015fu anda petrol \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan deniz sahalar\u0131na olan benzerli\u011fi yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Fiyatlar\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve Arap K\u00f6rfezi<\/em><\/span>\u2019nde artan politik tehditler, yeni petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131racakt\u0131r. Bu aramalar \u00e7o\u011funlukla a\u00e7\u0131k deniz, offshore \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fmaktad\u0131r ki derin deniz sondaj\u0131 yapabilen, kendi hareket kabiliyeti olan oil rig ve sondaj gemilerinin (drill ships) say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Meksika K\u00f6rfezi<\/em><\/span>\u2019nde ya\u015fanan Deepwater Horizon<\/em><\/span> felaketinden sonra karar al\u0131nan yeni yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar operasyonel olarak yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama sondaj \u00fcnitelerinin (MODU-Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit) say\u0131s\u0131nda negatif bir de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Hatta Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti daha riskli olan Alaska a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda, Chukchi denizinde bile sondaja yak\u0131n zamanda izin verecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Sekt\u00f6r ihtiyac\u0131 sadece MODU’larla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6sterilen s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde g\u00f6rev alacak \u00e7e\u015fitli tip ve \u00f6zellikte bir\u00e7ok deniz arac\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Nas\u0131l ki her sekt\u00f6rde, art\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan daha \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmas\u0131 bekleniyorsa ayn\u0131 durum gemiler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Art\u0131k i\u015fler iki liman aras\u0131nda y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131makla bitmiyor. Mesela yukar\u0131daki s\u00fcrecin i\u00e7inde y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mak isteyen bir tankerde; ba\u015f taraftan y\u00fckleme (BLS-Bow Loading System) ve pozisyon sabitleme (DP-Dynamic Positioning) gibi olmazsa olmazlar var. Veya bir havuz gemisi (Dockship), bir a\u011f\u0131r donan\u0131m gemisi (Heavy Lift Vessel) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim; a\u00e7\u0131k denizde in\u015fa edilen bir platforma, bir \u00fcretim ve depolama tankerine (FPSO-Floating Production, Storage Off-Loading vessel) ihtiyac\u0131 olan yap\u0131sal par\u00e7alar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan… A\u00e7\u0131k deniz \u015fartlar\u0131nda bu \u00fcnitelerin birbirine yak\u0131n ve \u00e7atmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in hepsinde DP sistemi bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Yani geli\u015fim sadece sondaj\u0131 fiilen yapan oil rig veya sondaj gemisi i\u00e7in de\u011fil petrol sahas\u0131nda (oilfield) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan t\u00fcm deniz ara\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Daha \u00f6nceleri sadece Kuzey Denizi sahalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan shuttle tankerlere sahip olan ve bunlar\u0131 i\u015fleten 3 firma vard\u0131. Meksika K\u00f6rfezi ve Brezilya\u2019daki yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla bu pastadan pay almak isteyen firmalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Petrobras\u2019\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k kolu olan Transpetro ile Teekay birlikteli\u011fine, bu i\u015flerde k\u00f6kl\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan Knutsen\u2019in %50 hissesini alarak giren NYK eklendi. Lauritzen de elindeki handysize tankerleri tersanede shuttle tankere \u00e7evirdi (conversion) ve \u00c7in\u2019den de yeni in\u015fa aframax shuttle tankerini teslim ald\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda SCF kuzey kutup b\u00f6lgesi \u015fartlar\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilen shuttle tankerlerini Kuzey Buz Denizi ve Asya-Pasifik k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015fu an kullanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bir \u00c7in firmas\u0131 olan North Sea Shipping de yeni in\u015fa shuttle tanker i\u00e7in sipari\u015f verenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u0130htiya\u00e7 fazla ve acil oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 s\u0131radan tek pervaneli, ba\u015f iter veya k\u0131\u00e7 iteri (tunnel thruster) olmayan aframax ve suezmax tankerler bile \u00e7evrim yoluyla shuttle tanker haline getirilebildi. Shuttle tanker \u00e7evriminde \u00f6nc\u00fc olan tersaneler Gdansk ve Dubai\u2019de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Dubai\u2019deki tersane 1 suezmax ve 1 aframax \u00e7evrimi yapt\u0131ktan sonra, AET firmas\u0131ndan da 2 yeni shuttle tanker sipari\u015fi ald\u0131. \u00c7evrim maliyeti hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgi olmamakla beraber, Teekay\u2019in yeni teslim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu anki en teknolojik aframax shuttle tankerlerin tanesi 130 milyon dolar. Ayn\u0131 firma \u00e7evrim yapmak i\u00e7in 2 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir suezmax tankeri 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda 90 milyon dolara sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Ama bahsetti\u011fimiz shuttle tanker ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta, \u00fcretim ve depolama istasyonu olarak kullan\u0131lan FPSO talebindeki art\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar daha \u00e7ok ekonomik oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in eski tankerlerden \u00e7evrim yap\u0131larak kullan\u0131ma giriyor. FPSO \u00e7evrimi yakla\u015f\u0131k 120 milyon dolar civar\u0131nda ve bir seneden az s\u00fcrede tamamlanabiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Yap\u0131labilecek \u00e7evrimler sadece bunlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil,\u00a0 \u00e7evrimle bir havuz gemisi (dockship) veya a\u011f\u0131r donan\u0131m (heavy lift) gemisi yapt\u0131rmak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan olan r\u00fczgar t\u00fcrbinlerinin daha \u00e7ok denizlerde in\u015fa edilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek bu i\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6zel a\u011f\u0131r donan\u0131m gemilerine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Mevcut piyasa \u015fartlar\u0131ndaki durgunlu\u011fa bakacak olursak, gerek tersane i\u015fletmecileri ve gerekse tanker i\u015fletmecileri i\u00e7in bu \u00e7evrimler bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu olabilir. Bu \u00e7evrimlere temel olan gemilerin ille de ya\u015fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmiyor, shuttle \u00e7evrimi yap\u0131lan tankerler 3-5 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle sipari\u015fini vermi\u015f fakat yap\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131na hen\u00fcz gelmemi\u015f tanker i\u015fletmecileri, doygun bir tanker piyasas\u0131na girmektense yat\u0131r\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131k olan shuttle tanker zeminine ge\u00e7i\u015f yapabilirler. Gerekli olan finans kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u015fu anki mevcut i\u015fletmeci firmalar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi proje ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve uzun vadeli kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil edebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gerek sanayide, gerekse g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zdaki t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z do\u011frultusunda ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan enerjiyi halen hidrokarbonlardan sa\u011fl\u0131yoruz. Bunlar\u0131n en ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen ham petrol \u00fcstlendi\u011fi \u00e7ekirdek rol\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam ediyor. \u00dclkelerin politik tutumlar\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131m planlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ham petrol\u00fcn bu rol\u00fcn\u00fc en az 20 – 30 y\u0131l daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam edece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ama ham petrol\u00fcn pazar\u0131, \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4064,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[522],"tags":[515,521,520,519,518,3393,922,517],"class_list":["post-4052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-ozel-yazilar","tag-cihan-cilsaat","tag-deepwater-horizon","tag-drill-ships","tag-mobile-offshore-drilling-unit","tag-modu","tag-ozel-yazilar","tag-shuttle-tankers","tag-teekey"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nY\u00fczen Boru Hatlar\u0131 Shuttle Tankerler - e-MarineEducation.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shuttle tanker sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadaki durumunu analiz eden bir yaz\u0131d\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/yuzen-boru-hatlari-shuttle-tankerler\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Y\u00fczen Boru Hatlar\u0131 Shuttle Tankerler - 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