{"id":29572,"date":"2017-06-07T19:00:49","date_gmt":"2017-06-07T16:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/?p=29572"},"modified":"2017-06-04T18:21:25","modified_gmt":"2017-06-04T15:21:25","slug":"gemilerde-biyodizel-kullanimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/gemilerde-biyodizel-kullanimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Gemilerde Biyodizel Kullan\u0131m\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz denizcili\u011finde kullan\u0131lan dizel yak\u0131tlar<\/em><\/span> uzun s\u00fcreli seyirlerde, gemilerin yak\u0131t ikmali ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 en alt d\u00fczeye indirerek, daha uzun s\u00fcreli sefer yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Dizel yak\u0131t yerine biyodizel yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, uzun s\u00fcreli seyirlerde alternatif bir yak\u0131t oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Biyoyak\u0131tlar hava kirlili\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon emisyonu ile opsiyonel bir se\u00e7imdir. Denizcilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, biyodizel yak\u0131tlar\u0131 kullanmak i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz yeterli geli\u015fimi g\u00f6stermi\u015f de\u011fildir fakat, dizel makinalarda, biyodizelin kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi test edilmi\u015ftir. Hen\u00fcz yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmasa da, baz\u0131 gemilerde biyodizel denenmi\u015ftir ve sonu\u00e7lar, biyodizelin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n avantajl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. Biyodizelin denizcilik end\u00fcstrisinde kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in,ya iyi bir altyap\u0131 ya da mevcut sisteme y\u00fcksek modifikasyonlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yeni nesil gemiler olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilece\u011fimiz biyodizel ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen gemilerin in\u015fas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, alg yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ve algleri biyodizele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan sistemlerin gemi i\u00e7erisinde konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sabit sistemler olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 avantajlar do\u011furacakt\u0131r. Yeni in\u015fa edilen gemilerin, makine dairelerinde uygun \u015fekilde mikroalg yeti\u015ftirme tesisi yap\u0131larak, geminin seyir esnas\u0131nda yak\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 kendi kendine \u00fcretmesi sa\u011flanabilir. Yeti\u015ftirilen mikroalgler, yine makine dairesinde biyodizele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek do\u011frudan makineye yak\u0131t olarak giri\u015f yaparak yak\u0131t sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olur. Uygun \u015fekilde dizayn edilen, makine dairesinde yer a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturularak mikroalg yeti\u015ftirme ve biyodizele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme sistemi konu\u015fland\u0131rmak, tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k bir konudur.<\/p>\n

Biyodizel nedir ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biyodizel<\/em><\/span>, bitkisel ve hayvansal ya\u011flardan elde edilebilen alternatif bir dizel yak\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Biyo kelimesi, biyolojik anlam\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Yani bitkisel ve hayvansal ya\u011flardan elde edilerek yap\u0131lan dizel \u00fcretimi, bir biyolojik<\/em><\/span> yak\u0131tt\u0131r. Biyodizel, m\u0131s\u0131r, soya fas\u00fclyesi, hindistan cevizi gibi bitkilerden bitkisel olarak elde edilebilinirken, hayvansal olarak da \u00a0donmu\u015f ya\u011f ve bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131ndan yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Biyodizel saf olarak kullan\u0131labildi\u011fi gibi, petrol k\u00f6kenli yak\u0131tlarla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m olarak da kullan\u0131labilir. Biyodizel direkt olarak dizel<\/em><\/span> motorlarda kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Biyodizelin D\u00fcnya\u2019daki yeri ve \u00f6nemi <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk end\u00fcstriyel boyuttaki biyodizel \u00fcretimi<\/em><\/span> 10,000 ton\/y\u0131l olarak Avusturya<\/em><\/span>\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren, D\u00fcnya\u2019da biyodizel \u00fcretimi art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren bir bi\u00e7imde devam etmektedir. \u00dcretim, 1996 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki verilere g\u00f6re 50,000 ton\/y\u0131l iken, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran 2,8 milyon tona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada ba\u015fl\u0131ca biyodizel \u00fcretimi yapan \u00fclkeler \u015fu \u015fekildedir; ABD, Kanada, Avusturya, Almanya, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, \u0130sve\u00e7, Norve\u00e7, \u0130talya, \u0130spanya. (Howell, S., 1997) Almanya en b\u00fcy\u00fck biyodizel \u00fcreticisi olmakla birlikte, 450,000 ton\/y\u0131l \u00fcretim miktar\u0131na sahiptir. Almanya\u2019y\u0131 takiben Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcretimi ise 300,000 ton\/y\u0131ld\u0131r. Genel olarak ,\u00fclkelerdeki biyodizel \u00fcretim ve kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet onaylamaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de biyodizel \u00fcretimi ve mikroalg yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi \u00fczerine end\u00fcstriyel bir at\u0131l\u0131m, hen\u00fcz mevcut de\u011fildir. Baz\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, algal biyok\u00fctle<\/em><\/span>, \u00fcretimi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Biyodizelin \u00f6zellikleri <\/strong><\/p>\n

Biyodizel, etil ester ve metil tipi bir yak\u0131t olup, biyodizeli olu\u015fturan bu maddeler do\u011fada k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede par\u00e7alanarak bozulur. 10,000 mg\/l\u2019ye kadar herhangi bir olumsuz mikrobiyolojik etki g\u00f6stermezler. Su i\u00e7erisinde biyodizelin, 28 g\u00fcnde % 95\u2019i, motorinin ise % 40\u2019\u0131 bozulabilmektedir. Biyodizelin olumsuz y\u00f6nde bir toksik etkisi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Biyodizel i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131zdan al\u0131nan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc doz, sofra tuzuna g\u00f6re 10 kat daha azd\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan elle temas testleri, biyodizelin ciltte % 4\u2019l\u00fck sabun \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinden daha az toksik etkisi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Biyodizel toksik olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, biyodizel ve biyodizel-motorin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda, motorin i\u00e7in zorunlu olan standart ko\u015fullar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir. (Afacan, T., 2006)<\/p>\n

Biyodizelin, petrol kaynakl\u0131 dizel yak\u0131tlara g\u00f6re daha az zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ispatlanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca biyodizelde, kansere neden olan bile\u015fenlerin seviyesi daha azd\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, tanecikli olarak ast\u0131m ve di\u011fer hastal\u0131klarla ilgili emisyonlar % 47 daha azd\u0131r ve zehirli bir gaz olan karbonmonoksit<\/em><\/span> % 48 daha da azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Saklama ve depolama y\u00f6ntemleri, motorin ile benzerdir. Depo tank\u0131 malzemesi olarak yumu\u015fak, paslanmaz \u00e7elik, florlanm\u0131\u015f polietilen ve florlanm\u0131\u015f polipropilen se\u00e7ilebilir. Depolama, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve motor malzemelerinde baz\u0131 elastomerlerin, do\u011fal ve butil kau\u00e7uklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc biyodizel, bu malzemeleri par\u00e7alamaktad\u0131r. Bu gibi durumlarda, biyodizel uyumlu Viton B tipi elastomerik malzemelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir. So\u011fukta harmanlanan biyodizelin motorin \u00fczerine eklenmesi, s\u0131cakta harmanlanan biyodizelin ise kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mda daha fazla olan k\u0131sm\u0131n, az k\u0131s\u0131m \u00fczerine eklenmesi \u00f6nerilmektedir. Biyodizel, motoru g\u00fc\u00e7 azalt\u0131c\u0131 birikintilerden temizleme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir. (P\u0131nar U., Bilge \u015e., G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u00d6., 2011)<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 1: Biyodizel \u00dcretim Denklemi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mikroalglerin biyodizele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk olarak alglerin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan; CO2<\/sub>, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, su ve inorganik maddelerin, yeti\u015ftiricilik yap\u0131lacak b\u00f6lgede elveri\u015fli durumda olmalar\u0131 gereklidir. Bu \u015fartlar sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, algler geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flar.H\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme esnas\u0131nda mikroalgin, biyok\u00fctleyi ikiye katlama s\u00fcresi 3,5 saattir. Mikroalgler, CO2<\/sub>‘yi daha etkili kullanan organizmalard\u0131r ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131zlar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. Mikroalgler, geni\u015f tar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan ya\u011f bitkilerine oranla, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlarda, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda ve daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetlerle \u00fcretilebilme olana\u011f\u0131na sahiptir. End\u00fcstriyel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte, havuzlarda ya da seralar\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilen havuz veya fotobiyoreakt\u00f6rlerle yap\u0131labilmektedir (Chisti, 2007).<\/p>\n

Bir \u00e7ok alg t\u00fcr\u00fc, kuru a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131yla % 50-60\u2019dan daha fazla ya\u011f i\u00e7eri\u011fine sahiptir. T\u00fcm mikroalg t\u00fcrleri yak\u0131t elde etmek i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildir fakat olduk\u00e7a tatminkar t\u00fcrlerde mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 2 – Baz\u0131 Biyodizel Yak\u0131t Kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u00fczenleme: Batuhan Omacan<\/a><\/span><\/strong>
\nEkleyen: H\u00fcseyin Altay Yontan<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz denizcili\u011finde kullan\u0131lan dizel yak\u0131tlar uzun s\u00fcreli seyirlerde, gemilerin yak\u0131t ikmali ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 en alt d\u00fczeye indirerek, daha uzun s\u00fcreli sefer yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Dizel yak\u0131t yerine biyodizel yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, uzun s\u00fcreli seyirlerde alternatif bir yak\u0131t oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Biyoyak\u0131tlar hava kirlili\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon emisyonu ile opsiyonel bir se\u00e7imdir. Denizcilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":29577,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[522],"tags":[4325,4861,4860,4863,4862,1004,4864],"class_list":["post-29572","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-ozel-yazilar","tag-batuhan-omacan-duzenlemeleri","tag-biyodizel","tag-bogac-sayar-yazilari","tag-dizel-yakitlar","tag-gemilerde-biyodizel-kullanimi","tag-huseyin-altay-yontan-eklemeleri","tag-mikroalgler"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGemilerde Biyodizel Kullan\u0131m\u0131 - e-MarineEducation.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bo\u011fa\u00e7 Sayar taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan "Gemilerde Biyodizel Kullan\u0131m\u0131" ile ilgili teknik yaz\u0131d\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/gemilerde-biyodizel-kullanimi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gemilerde Biyodizel Kullan\u0131m\u0131 - 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