{"id":20835,"date":"2015-05-16T19:00:52","date_gmt":"2015-05-16T16:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/?p=20835"},"modified":"2021-12-28T20:43:05","modified_gmt":"2021-12-28T17:43:05","slug":"yukleme-programlari-ile-gemi-streslerinin-takibi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-marineeducation.com\/tr\/yukleme-programlari-ile-gemi-streslerinin-takibi\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u00fckleme Programlar\u0131 ile Gemi Streslerinin Takibi"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda ruhsal durumumuzu tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir kelime olan stres<\/em><\/span>, gemilerde de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Nas\u0131l yo\u011fun stres bizlere zarar veriyorsa ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde gemiler de strese girip bundan zarar g\u00f6rebilirler. Stresler, gemi limitlerini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya limitlere \u00e7ok yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gemi teknesinde metal yorgunlu\u011funa<\/em><\/span> ve bunun neticesinde de yap\u0131 deformasyonlar\u0131na<\/span> <\/em>neden olurlar.<\/p>\n

Gemilerin, strese ve metal yorgunlu\u011funa en az \u015fekilde maruz kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fck operasyonlar\u0131ndan sorumlu olan I. Zabit<\/em><\/span>\u2019e ve di\u011fer zabitlere b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6rev d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Okullarda her ne kadar gemi streslerine de\u011finilse de bu konu y\u00fczeysel kalmakta ve bir\u00e7ok zabit yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadan kargo operasyonu icra etmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, hem can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hem de mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in kargo hesaplamalar\u0131nda ve kargo operasyonlar\u0131nda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 gereken hususlardan biri olan gemi streslerine de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Gemiler, hizmette olduklar\u0131 zaman zarf\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce kez y\u00fckleme ve bo\u015faltma operasyonlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar. Y\u00fck plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlamakla sorumlu olan I. Zabit, trim, draft, balast durumu<\/span><\/em> ve gemi stresleri<\/span><\/em> gibi baz\u0131 m\u00fchim unsurlar\u0131 dikkate alarak y\u00fck plan\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlar. Bu karma\u015f\u0131k unsurlar\u0131n kolay bir \u015fekilde hesaplanabilmesi i\u00e7in gemilerin art\u0131k bir\u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fckleme programlar\u0131 ile donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu programlara \u00e7e\u015fitli veriler el ile veya sens\u00f6rler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla girilerek anl\u0131k olarak draft, trim, meyil, deplasman, deadweight, GM, kesme kuvveti (SF-Shear Force), e\u011fme momenti (BM-Bending Moment) vb.<\/em><\/span> de\u011ferler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Miktarlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 gemiyi en \u00e7ok strese sokacak olan a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar bizzat geminin ta\u015f\u0131makta oldu\u011fu y\u00fckt\u00fcr. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar elde edebilmek ad\u0131na y\u00fck\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, yo\u011funluk, s\u0131cakl\u0131k<\/em><\/span> gibi bilgilerinin programa girilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz eder. Gemi \u00fczerinde meydana gelen ger\u00e7ek stresleri g\u00f6rebilmek i\u00e7in y\u00fckleme bilgisayar\u0131na do\u011fru bilgilerin girilmesi gerekir. Kimi zaman g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen stresler, uzun vadede gemi teknesinin mukavemetinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na ve umulmad\u0131k anlarda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki karelerde oldu\u011fu gibi gemi k\u0131r\u0131lmalara sebep olabilir.<\/p>\n

\"HULL
1. G\u00f6rsel:M\/T ELLI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"MV
2. G\u00f6rsel : M\/V MOL COMFORT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"3.
3. G\u00f6rsel: M\/V SELENDANG AYU<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"4.
4. G\u00f6rsel: MV SMART<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Peki, gemimizin k\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in neler yapabiliriz?<\/em><\/span> Asl\u0131nda yaz\u0131n\u0131n en temel amac\u0131 bu soruya yan\u0131t vermektir. Gemi in\u015fa m\u00fchendisleri i\u015fin zor k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 halledip geminin kapasitelerini, y\u00fckleme limitlerini, ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi, dayanabilece\u011fi maksimum a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131<\/em><\/span> hesaplar ve bu bilgileri tablolar ve planlar ile zabitlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na sunarlar. Zabitlere kalan ise y\u00fck planlar\u0131n\u0131 bu bilgileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak haz\u0131rlamakt\u0131r. Y\u00fckleme programlar\u0131n\u0131n bu konuda zabitlere \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mlar\u0131 dokunur. Bir ambara fazla y\u00fck y\u00fcklendi\u011finde, geminin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda program zabiti hemen uyar\u0131r ve geminin bu \u015fekilde y\u00fcklenmemesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi y\u00fckleme programlar\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak stresleri anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"SF
5. G\u00f6rsel: SF ve BM Diyagram\u0131 (Konteyner gemisi)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yukar\u0131daki g\u00f6rsel 1600 TEU\u2019luk bir konteyner gemisine ait y\u00fckleme program\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Shear force (SF-kesme kuvveti)<\/em><\/span> ve bending moment (BM-e\u011fme momenti)<\/em> <\/span>diyagramlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren g\u00f6rselin yorumlanabilmesi i\u00e7in de\u011finmemiz gereken baz\u0131 noktalar vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin her iki diyagramda gemi siluetinin \u00fczerinde koyu mavi ve turkuaz rengiyle ifade edilen e\u011friler vard\u0131r. Burada koyu mavi renkli kesik e\u011fri, geminin a\u00e7\u0131k denizde dayanabilece\u011fi maksimum stres de\u011ferlerini g\u00f6stermekteyken turkuaz renkli kesik e\u011fri geminin liman ko\u015fullar\u0131nda dayanabilece\u011fi maksimum stres de\u011ferlerini g\u00f6stermektedir. A\u00e7\u0131k denizde dalgalar\u0131n boyu, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gemiye uygulanan kuvvetler de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterece\u011fi i\u00e7in emniyet \u00f6n planda tutularak stres limitleri a\u00e7\u0131k deniz modunda daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden y\u00fckleme programlar\u0131nda hesaplama yaparken program\u0131 liman modundan (Harbor Mode)<\/em> <\/span>ziyade deniz modunda (Sea Mode)<\/em><\/span> tutarak hesap yapmakta yarar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rseldeki koyu pembe renkli s\u00fcrekli olan e\u011friler ise kesme kuvveti (shear force) ve e\u011fme momenti (bending moment) de\u011ferlerini g\u00f6stermektedir. Shear force\u2019un birimi ton (t) ve bending momentin birimi ton-metredir ™. Yukar\u0131daki grafikte d\u00fc\u015fey eksende shear force ve bending momentler ifade ediliyorken yatay eksende ise 20, 42, 60 \u015feklinde giden say\u0131lar ile geminin postalar\u0131 (frame)<\/em><\/span> ifade edilmektedir. E\u011fer grafi\u011fi okumak gerekirse g\u00f6rseldeki durum i\u00e7in maksimum shear force yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 30. postada 1600t kadar ve maksimum bending moment ise 90. postada 60.000tm kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi bir ba\u015fka programdan al\u0131nan g\u00f6rseli inceleyelim.<\/p>\n

\"6.
6. G\u00f6rsel SFBM Diyagram\u0131 (Tanker)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu g\u00f6rsel AFRAMAX<\/em><\/span> boyuttaki bir ham petrol tankeri<\/span><\/em>nin y\u00fckleme program\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hangi e\u011frinin ne anlama geldi\u011fi sa\u011f tarafta ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu programda shear force ve bending moment e\u011frilerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kald\u0131rma kuvveti e\u011frisi ve gemi \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n e\u011frisi de verilmi\u015ftir. Bu ek e\u011friler y\u00fckleme durumunun daha kolay yorumlanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Buraya kadar grafiklerin nas\u0131l okundu\u011funa de\u011findik. \u015eimdi ise grafiklerin bize neler anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na bakaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Gemi \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar ile bu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan kald\u0131rma kuvveti gemi boyunca her yerde birbirine e\u015fit olmaz. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar sabitken, kald\u0131rma kuvveti denizin hareketine g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermekte ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar ile kald\u0131rma kuvveti aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"SF-BM
7. G\u00f6rsel: SF\/BM Diyagram\u0131 (Tanker)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc geminin baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda, fazla kald\u0131rma kuvvetine kar\u015f\u0131n az a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veya az kald\u0131rma kuvvetine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k da fazla a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k olabilir. Meydana gelen bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k gemi boyunca shear force olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki g\u00f6rseldeki gemi y\u00fcks\u00fcz durumdad\u0131r. Bending moment e\u011frisinin \u015fekli itibariyle geminin hogging stresine<\/em><\/span> maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. Shear force e\u011frisine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda shear force\u2019un gemi boyunca nizami oldu\u011funu ama kargo tanklar\u0131 ile ya\u015fam mahali aras\u0131ndaki k\u0131s\u0131mda y\u00fckseldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bunun temel sebebi gemi \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar ile kald\u0131rma kuvveti aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Geminin k\u0131\u00e7 formuna dikkat etti\u011finizde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n su i\u00e7ine girmedi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Geminin k\u0131\u00e7 taraf\u0131 adeta gemi teknesine as\u0131l\u0131 gibi durmaktad\u0131r. Su i\u00e7erisine girmeyen yap\u0131, kald\u0131rma kuvveti sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k geminin shear force\u2019 unun k\u0131\u00e7 tarafa do\u011fru y\u00fckselmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rselde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k e\u011frisi incelendi\u011finde slop tanklar\u0131ndan hemen sonra e\u011frinin dik bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckseldi\u011fini yani a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Ya\u015fam mahallinin, ana makinenin ve di\u011fer yard\u0131mc\u0131 makinelerin neden oldu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131n kald\u0131rma kuvvetinin az olu\u015fu shear force\u2019u meydana getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hogging stresinin tam tersi olarak bir de sagging stresi<\/em><\/span> vard\u0131r. Sagging, vasatta yo\u011funla\u015fan y\u00fcklemeler sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki g\u00f6rselde, bending moment e\u011frisine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geminin sagging stresine girdi\u011fi g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"Hog
9.G\u00f6rsel: (Abart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) Hog \u2013 Sag Stresleri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hog-sag streslerini kolayca akl\u0131n\u0131zda tutabilmek i\u00e7in bu kelimelerin ba\u015f harflerinden yararlanabilirsiniz. Hogging stresinde g\u00f6vdesi vasattan y\u00fckselen geminin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekil \u201ch\u201d harfini and\u0131r\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde sagging stresinde vasattan \u00e7\u00f6ken geminin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekil de \u201cs\u201d harfini and\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fck operasyonlar\u0131ndan sorumlu olan zabitler, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca geminin ne hogging ne de sagging stresine girmesine m\u00fcsaade etmelidirler<\/em><\/span>. Bunun i\u00e7in y\u00fck\u00fcn, gemi \u00fczerinde d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Lokal olarak bir yere y\u00fcklenen y\u00fck o k\u0131s\u0131mdaki bending momenti de y\u00fckseltecektir. E\u011fer ambarlar\/tanklar aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla y\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fursa bu da direkt olarak iki ambar\/tank aras\u0131ndaki shear force\u2019u artt\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gemiler limana girdiklerinde ya y\u00fckl\u00fc ya da balastl\u0131 olurlar. Y\u00fckl\u00fc bir gemide kargo operasyonu boyunca gemiye balast al\u0131narak geminin stabilitesi korunur. Benzer \u015fekilde balastl\u0131 olan bir gemide de y\u00fck ald\u0131k\u00e7a balast tahliye edilir. Buradaki \u00f6nemli nokta bu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesidir. E\u011fer No.1 ambardan veya tanktan y\u00fck tahliye ediliyorsa No.1 balast tank\u0131na su al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu operasyon g\u00f6revli zabitlerce senkronize bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde geminin strese girmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi gibi gemilerin deniz ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu dinamik kuvvetlerden dolay\u0131 strese girmeleri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Gemiler y\u00fckleme programlar\u0131nda belirtilen stres limitleri d\u00e2hilinde y\u00fcklediklerinde, stresler can ve mal emniyetini tehdit etmeyeceklerdir. Y\u00fck operasyonlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev alan zabitler, gemi \u00fczerindeki streslerin daima fark\u0131nda olmal\u0131lar ve kargo operasyonunu buna g\u00f6re icra etmelidirler. Shear force ve bending moment kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi kavrayabilmek ad\u0131na y\u00fckleme programlar\u0131nda deneme ama\u00e7l\u0131 y\u00fck hesaplar\u0131 yapman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck yarar\u0131 dokunacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131ya ilave etmek istedi\u011finiz bilgiler varsa l\u00fctfen bunlar\u0131 yorum k\u0131sm\u0131na yazarak bizimle payla\u015f\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n

De\u011finmemizi istedi\u011finiz di\u011fer konular i\u00e7in info@e-MarineEducation.com adresine mail atabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

D\u00fczenleme: Orkut Akar<\/a><\/span><\/strong>
\n Ekleyen: Ay\u015fe K\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda ruhsal durumumuzu tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir kelime olan stres, gemilerde de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Nas\u0131l yo\u011fun stres bizlere zarar veriyorsa ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde gemiler de strese girip bundan zarar g\u00f6rebilirler. Stresler, gemi limitlerini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya limitlere \u00e7ok yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gemi teknesinde metal yorgunlu\u011funa ve bunun neticesinde de yap\u0131 deformasyonlar\u0131na neden olurlar. Gemilerin, strese ve metal yorgunlu\u011funa …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1040,"featured_media":20836,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[522],"tags":[3137,2048,3299,3300,3298,3301,1003,3302,3297],"class_list":["post-20835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-ozel-yazilar","tag-ayse-kirici-eklemeleri","tag-cem-kutukoglu-yazilari","tag-gemi-stresleri","tag-gemi-streslerinin-takibi","tag-gemi-yukleme-programlari","tag-hogging","tag-orkut-akar-duzenlemeleri","tag-sagging","tag-yukleme-programlari-ile-gemi-streslerinin-takibi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nY\u00fckleme Programlar\u0131 ile Gemi Streslerinin Takibi - 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